🔍 Tìm kiếm từ vựng
organelle
Noun
bào quan, cơ quan tế bào
a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
"Vacuoles , storage organelles, hold nutrients , waste products , or pigments in plant cells ."
vacuole
Noun
không bào, túi nhỏ
a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
"The size and contents of vacuoles can change dynamically in response to cellular needs and environmental conditions ."
homeostasis
Noun
cân bằng nội môi, sự ổn định nội môi
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
"The release of hormones like adrenaline during stress is part of the body 's response to maintain homeostasis in challenging situations ."
translation
Noun
dịch mã, quá trình dịch mã
the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein
"Various enzymes and initiation factors are involved in the regulation and control of translation."
transcription
Noun
phiên mã, quá trình phiên mã
the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule
"The template ( antisense ) strand of DNA serves as a guide for RNA synthesis during transcription."
replication
Noun
sự sao chép
the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division
"Errors during DNA replication are corrected by proofreading mechanisms to maintain genetic fidelity ."
prokaryote
Noun
sinh vật nhân sơ, sinh vật đơn bào nhân sơ
a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea
"Many diseases , like strep throat , are caused by pathogenic prokaryotes."
eukaryote
Noun
sinh vật nhân thực, sinh vật nhân chuẩn
a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
"Seaweeds, with their diverse forms, are eukaryotic algae found in marine ecosystems."
biogas
Noun
khí sinh học, khí tái tạo
a gas, especially methane, that is produced as a result of the decomposition of animal or plant remains, which is used as fuel
"Engineers are working on optimizing the biogas production process to increase the yield and reduce the costs of renewable energy ."
reactant
Noun
chất phản ứng
a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products
"When iron reacts with sulfur , the reactants are iron and sulfur ."
catalyst
Noun
chất xúc tác, chất hoạt hóa
(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself
"In the Haber process , iron is used as a catalyst to promote the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases ."
catalysis
Noun
xúc tác, gia tốc xúc tác
the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction
"Zeolites act as catalysts in refining processes , promoting the catalysis of hydrocarbons into valuable products ."
covalent bond
Noun
liên kết cộng hóa trị, mối liên kết cộng hóa trị
a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule
"The air 's like a molecular community , held together by covalent bonds, forming a breathable atmosphere ."
hydrocarbon
Noun
hydrocarbon, hợp chất hydro và carbon
a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes
"Benzene (C₆H₆) is an aromatic hydrocarbon, exhibiting a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds."
aldehyde
Noun
andehit, hợp chất cacbonyl
an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes
"Formaldehyde is a simple aldehyde used in various industrial applications , including the production of resins ."
alcohol
Noun
rượu, etanol
a compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom, widely used as solvents, fuels, and in pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis
"Benzyl alcohol is used in the production of fragrances , flavorings , and as a solvent in various applications ."
oxidation-reduction
Noun
phản ứng oxi hóa-khử, phản ứng oxi hóa khử
a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances
"Photosynthesis is a biological process that involves the oxidation-reduction of water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen ."
molarity
Noun
nồng độ mol, độ mol
the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)
"Hydrogen peroxide with a molarity of 6 M means there are 6 moles of H₂O₂ per liter ."
alkali
Noun
kiềm, bazơ
any water-soluble compound that can turn litmus blue and reacts with an acid to form a salt and water
"Mixing an alkali with vinegar produces a salt and water ."
halogen
Noun
halogen, nguyên tố halogen
a type of chemical element found in Group 17 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive and commonly used in disinfectants and lights
"The halogens share common properties such as high electronegativity and the ability to gain an electron to achieve a stable electron configuration ."
noble gas
Noun
khí trơ, khí hiếm
any of the elements in Group 18 of the periodic table, including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, characterized by their inert nature and stable electron configurations
"The noble gas configuration is characterized by a full outer electron shell , contributing to the stability and lack of reactivity ."
half-life
Noun
chu kỳ bán rã, thời gian bán hủy
the time required for half of a quantity of a substance to undergo a change or decay, typically in the context of radioactive decay or chemical reactions
"The concept of half-life is applicable in fields such as pharmacology , geology , physics , and environmental science ."
depleted uranium
Noun
uranium cạn kiệt, uranium nghèo
a type of uranium that has most of its more radioactive isotopes removed, primarily used for armor-piercing ammunition and shielding
"Depleted uranium can pose hazards if it enters the environment , such as through the release of dust or the contamination of soil and water ."
charged
Adjective
tích điện, nạp điện
having an electric charge
"The charged particles in the plasma reacted with the magnetic field to create spectacular auroras in the sky ."
diffraction
Noun
nhiễu xạ, nhiễu xạ sóng
the bending, spreading, and interference of waves as they encounter obstacles or pass through narrow openings, often observed in the behavior of light, sound, or other waves
"Diffraction effects are commonly observed in photography , influencing the sharpness of images captured through lenses ."
quark
Noun
quark, quark (hạt cơ bản)
a fundamental particle combining to form protons and neutrons, with fractional electric charge and six flavors
"The discovery of quarks revolutionized our understanding of the subatomic structure of matter ."
hadron
Noun
hadron, hạt hadron
a tiny particle made up of even smaller parts called quarks, like protons and neutrons
"Protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom are examples of hadrons."
amplitude
Noun
biên độ, độ lớn
(physics) the maximum distance a vibrating material, sound wave, etc. such as a pendulum travels from its first position
"In quantum mechanics , the amplitude of a wave function describes the probability of finding a particle in a certain position or state ."
centripetal force
Noun
lực hướng tâm, lực kéo về trung tâm
the force that acts on an object moving in a circular path, directed toward the center of the circle or the axis of rotation, preventing the object from moving in a straight line
"The Earth 's gravitational pull on the Moon provides the centripetal force necessary for the Moon 's orbital motion ."
dark matter
Noun
vật chất tối, chất tối
(physics) an invisible substance that makes up most of the universe's mass, detectable only through its gravitational effects
"Various theories have been proposed to explain the identity of dark matter particles , but conclusive evidence has yet to be found ."